Aim. To evaluate the state of congenital humoral immunity in children with various kidney diseases in a comparative aspect for the detection of new diagnostic and prognostic markers of nephrosclerosis.

Materials and Methods. 255 children with various kidney diseases were under observation (including 16 with urolithiasis, 174 with microbial inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, and 65 with glomerulopathies). Children with CKD stages 1 and 2 were prevalent in all studied groups (100%, 97.5%, and 95.4%, respectively). Comparison group (healthy controls) included 31 children. Groups were age-matched. In patients of study groups and children of the comparison group, the following urine cytokine levels were quantified: TNF-α, TNFRI and TNFRI, IL-10, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3, IL-2, IL-2-SR and leptin. The study was performed in a licensed laboratory for the chemistry of noninfectious immunity by the sandwich method (USA). Nonparametric and parametric statistics were used to evaluate cytokine levels.

Results. Study has shown that an increase in TNF-α can be considered as a highly specific marker of acute pyelonephritis, while an increase in TGF-β1 and leptin is an early marker of nephrosclerosis, especially in patients with glomerulopathies. The decrease in the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio by more than 1.5 times is also a marker of nephrosclerosis. The increase in urinary TNF-α excretion against the background of a decrease in IL-10 with preservation of stably high TGF-β1 concentrations can be used as a marker of inflammation and fibrosis in microbial inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and glomerulonephritis.

Conclusions. Thus, the diagnostic significance of revealing kidney diseases by the method of cytokine urine profile evaluation with the clarification of some pathogenetic mechanisms of development and progression of chronic kidney disease in children is presented.